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## anonymous 3 years ago How would you simplify it manually? $621^{1681} mod 2231$

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1. anonymous

Here's my attempt: (It's a bit long, so I separated it into three lines, but they should be in one line only) $1681_{10} = 11010010001_{2}$ $621^{1681} mod 2231 = 621^2mod2231)\times621mod2231)^2mod2231)^2$$\times 621mod2231)^2mod2231)^2mod2231)^2$$\times 621mod2231)^2mod2231)^2mod2231)^2mod2231)^2 \times 621mod2231$ Then, I got 1610 as the answer. Is there any faster way to do it manually?

2. amistre64

if im remembering the phi function correctly then if$1681=\phi(2231)+k$ then we could reduce it to $621^{k}$

3. amistre64

2231 = 23*97, prime factors since prime numbers are relatively prime to one another; and since the phi value of any prime number is one less than the prime; phi(2231) = phi(23)*phi(97) = 22*96 = 2112 but my memory aint cooperating with me to see this clearly :)

4. anonymous

This reminds me of n = pq , where p and q are prime numbers. ϕ(n) = (p-1)(q-1) choose 1< e ≤ ϕ(n), such that gcd (e, ϕ(n)) =1 ed mod ϕ(n) =1 d is the multiplicative inverse of e. But.. the above is not related to the question, I guess?

5. amistre64

the RSA encryption uses the thrm yes; and i was just wondering if the thrm was applicable to simplify this. If we could simplify it to:$\Large 621^{k\phi(2231)+m}$then we might be able to play about with it ... just a thought :)

6. KingGeorge

Looking at this, and assuming we could factor these numbers, I might suggest the chinese remainder theorem.$621^{1681}\pmod{2231}\implies621^{1681}\pmod{23*97}$Since $$23|621$$, we have that $621^{1681}\equiv0\pmod{23},$and we can calculate (it's fairly tedious, but possible by hand) that $621^{1681}\equiv 58\pmod{97}.$So we want some $$x$$ such that $x\equiv 23s\pmod{23}$$x\equiv58+97t\pmod{97}.$Thus$23s\equiv58\pmod{97}$Another (tedious, but possible to do by hand) calculation shows that this means that $$s\equiv70\pmod{97}$$. Then we plug it back into the original equation to get $$x=23(70)=1610$$.

7. KingGeorge

Give me a hoot if you want an explanation of how to solve those two steps by hand.

8. anonymous

Will revisit this question again next week, if you don't mind...

9. KingGeorge

That's fine.

10. anonymous

I can work out the line $$621^{1681}≡58 \pmod{97}$$ using the method in my first post. Is there any alternative way to do it? For the rest of your first comment, since I haven't learnt the Chinese Remainder Theorem, I don't know why and how it works. I'm sorry that I need some more time to do a bit self-study before coming back to this question again.

11. KingGeorge

Well, since 97 is prime, and $$97\nmid 621$$, we know that $$621^{96}\equiv1\pmod{97}$$. So we find $$1681\equiv 49\pmod{96}$$, and hence, $621^{1681}\equiv39^{49}\pmod{97}.$Then (I think this is fundamentally the same thing you did) you say $$49=2^5+2^4+2^0$$. Thus, this is the same as$39^{2^5}39^{2^4}39\pmod{97}.$Then by repeatedly squaring, and reducing mod 97, you can find this number. Again, I think this is the same, in principle, of what you did.

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